Ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceutical waste in selected water bodies in Lagos state, Nigeria on Amietophrynus regularis tadpoles
Keywords:
Pollution, Pharmaceuticals, Toxicity, TadpolesAbstract
The discharge of pharmaceutical effluents into nearby water bodies could constitute hazard to the environment because they contain toxic substances detrimental to health. Over 50% of pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria are domiciled in Lagos state, Nigeria. This study investigated the presence of selected pharmaceuticals in some water bodies in proximity to pharmaceutical companies within Lagos State and toxicological effects of pollution. Water samples were collected from three water bodies in Lagos environment located close to pharmaceutical companies: their physicochemical parameters were assessed and selected pharmaceutical residues were quantified using HPLC/UV detector. Acute toxicological effects of the contaminated water samples were assessed in the common African toad (Amietophrynus regularis). The results revealed the presence of levofloxacin (0.19 µg/ml), chloroquine (1.21 µg/ml), acetaminophen (7.52 µg/ml), metformin (4.83 µg/ml) and ibuprofen (3.27 µg/ml) in the water samples. Dissolved oxygen values were consistently low in all the locations sampled (0.90-2.58 mg/L) and elevated COD and BOD levels. In the 96 h acute toxicity study of water samples A, B and C, mortality occurred in tadpoles over a period of 96 h, LC50 values of were 33.5 %, 42.17 % and 37.58 % respectively. Results obtained showed that avoidance response was highest in sample B and lowest in sample C. The presence of pharmaceuticals in the water bodies located close to pharmaceutical companies may pose adverse consequences on the environment. There is therefore a need for the treatment of pharmaceutical waste-water before discharging into the environment.
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